NIAID research reveals that while pasteurization significantly reduces H5N1 virus levels in raw milk, some viruses can survive the process.
RT’s Three Key Takeaways:
- Survival of Virus: Laboratory research by NIAID found that while pasteurization at 72 degrees Celsius (161.6 degrees Fahrenheit) for 15 seconds significantly reduces the amount of H5N1 influenza virus in raw milk, some virus particles survive the process.
- Experimental Conditions: The study’s findings are based on controlled laboratory conditions and may not directly reflect the effectiveness of large-scale industrial pasteurization processes used in the dairy industry.
- Public Health Monitoring: Despite the survival of small amounts of the virus in lab tests, the US Food and Drug Administration maintains that the commercial milk supply is safe, emphasizing the importance of ongoing public health monitoring and further research to replicate real-world conditions.
Laboratory research by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has shown that while heat treatment significantly reduced the amount of infectious H5N1 influenza viruses in raw milk, some viruses survived.
Scientists found that when raw milk samples were treated at 72 degrees Celsius (161.6 degrees Fahrenheit) for 15 seconds—one of the standard pasteurization methods used by the dairy industry—a small, detectable amount of the virus remained in samples that had high virus levels.
However, researchers emphasized that their findings were based on controlled lab conditions and may not directly translate to large-scale industrial pasteurization. The study’s results were published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
Outbreak and Research Context
In late March, United States officials reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus called HPAI H5N1 among dairy cows in Texas. To date, 95 cattle herds across 12 states have been affected, with three human infections detected in farm workers with conjunctivitis. Although the virus so far has shown no genetic evidence of acquiring the ability to spread from person to person, public health officials are closely monitoring the dairy cow situation as part of overarching pandemic preparedness efforts.
Given the limited data on the susceptibility of avian influenza viruses to pasteurization methods used by the dairy industry, scientists at NIAID’s Rocky Mountain Laboratories sought to quantify the stability of H5N1 virus in raw milk when tested at different time intervals at 63℃ (145.4 degrees Fahrenheit) and 72℃, the temperatures most common in commercial dairy pasteurization processes.
Findings on Virus Stability
The scientists isolated HPAI H5N1 from the lungs of a dead mountain lion in Montana. Then they mixed these viral isolates with raw, unpasteurized cow milk samples and heat-treated the milk at 63℃ and 72℃ for different periods of time. The samples were then cell-cultured and tested to determine if live virus remained and if so, how much.
They found that 63℃ caused a marked decrease (1010-fold) in infectious H5N1 virus levels within 2.5 minutes and noted that standard bulk pasteurization of 30 minutes would eliminate infectious virus.
At 72℃, they observed a decrease (104-fold) in infectious virus within five seconds; however, very small amounts of infectious virus were detected after up to 20 seconds of heat treatment in one out of three samples.
Implications and Safety Measures
“This finding indicates the potential for a relatively small but detectable quantity of H5N1 virus to remain infectious in milk after 15 seconds at 72℃ if the initial virus levels were sufficiently high,” the authors note.
The scientists stress that their measurements reflect experimental conditions, should be replicated with direct measurement of infected milk in commercial pasteurization equipment, and should not be used to draw any conclusions about the safety of the US milk supply.
Additionally, a limitation of their study was the use of raw milk samples spiked with H5N1 virus, whereas raw milk from cows infected with H5N1 influenza may have a different composition or contain cell-associated virus that may impact heat effects. The authors conclude that although gastrointestinal infections with HPAI H5N1 virus have occurred in several species of mammals, it remains unknown whether ingesting live H5N1 in raw milk could cause illness in people.
FDA’s Position and Future Research
To date, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concludes that the totality of evidence continues to indicate that the commercial milk supply is safe. While laboratory benchtop studies provide important, useful information, there are limitations that challenge inferences to real-world commercial processing and pasteurization.
The FDA conducted an initial survey of 297 retail dairy products collected at retail locations in 17 states and represented products produced at 132 processing locations in 38 states. All of the samples were found to be negative for viable virus. These results underscore the opportunity to conduct additional studies that closely replicate real world conditions.
FDA, in partnership with USDA, is conducting pasteurization validation studies—including the use of a homogenizer and continuous flow pasteurizer. Additional results will be made available as soon as they are available.
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